Thursday, November 5, 2009
DANGEROUS ENTHUSIASM
A snake charmer was having a long cobra. The snake charmer used to play with the cobra, show in to the people and collect money. After that he used to put the cobra in a bamboo basket, put a lid over it tightly and put it under his cot in his house. There were many rats in the house of the snake charmer. One small rat was very curious and enthusiastic. One day he saw the bamboo basket under the cot. He become curious about it . He thought that there might be some sweets in it and tried to remove lid., The lid was so tight that he could not open it . Yet he could not control the temptation to eat he sweets in it. His mother always used to tell him. “Do not touch anything that you do not have information about”. But forgetting everything about her advice and because of the temptation of eating the sweets, he climbed the lid of the basket and started gnawing it with sharp teeth. When there was a s small hole in the lid, he entered the basket. The cobra was sitting there. When it was the prey voluntarily coming towards him, he ate it up in moment and came out through the hole in the lid and went happily toward jungle . The kid had to lose his life because of his over enthusiasm.
MUGHAL STYLE COINS.
In the past, the Rajput states, Portugese, French, and Dutch companies did not introduced their own coins seperately but continued top use Mughal style coins in circulation. Because of this in eighteenty century A.D. thousands of coins in Mugahal style were in circulation. But instead of Hijari year, state year was printed. In 1803 A.D.. when the British conqured Delhi, they continued minting coins in the name of Mughal emperors. Till 1857 , these coins bear the mane of Bahadur shah printed on them, it seems.
AKBAR’S MUHAR
Since Akbar’s Mughal coins came into circulation, it seems. His coins were made at Agra. He made gold coins named ‘Muhar’. After he established Den-e-Ilahi religion, Akbar started printing the Ilahi year on the coins. On these coins, a saying from Ilahi religion and ‘Allah Akbar Jal Jalalu’ are found on the coins. The Image of Hawk, the name of the bird and mint’s name are found engraved. The Meharbi (arch shaped) Muhars were specially famous. Till today, the coins were made in round , square, rectangle shapes. The arch shaped Muhar shows the speciality of Akbar.
SHAHU'S COIN
‘Shivrai’ which was made by Shivaji Maharaj, was in circulation till the second half of the last century. The gold coins that were made by Shivaji Maharaj were known as ‘Hones’. All the yearly payments by Shiv Chhatrapati were paid in ‘Hones’ as was the practice in those days. It is mentioned at many places that these ‘Hones’ were in circulation. After Shivaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Started a mint in Satara and manufactured rupees and paisas in his name which were known as ‘Shahu coins’
MINT AT MANYN PLACES.
There was a mint at Kolhapur which was owned by Chhatrapati. The coins, which were manufactured there, were known as Shambhu coins. It seems that during there was a different system of making coins. Nanasaheb Peshwe permitted different money lenders to make coins. In return, these money lenders gave a fixed quota from the coins. There were many mints including Nagothane. This system was practiced till the end of Peshwa period. Shinde, Holkar, Nagpurkar Bhosale and many other chiefs started their own mints.
COINS DURING SHIVAJI’S RULE
Shivaji Maharaj had introduced his own coins as a sign of his independent kingdom. The coins were of two kinds. The first were of gold and the second were of copper and they bore his name on them. The coins made of copper were famous as ‘Shivrai’. It is found that the coins bore the inscription ‘Shree Rajashiv’ on the front and on the other side ‘Chhatrapati’. The mint of Shivaji was at Rajgad. The coins of Shivaji Maharaj were in circulation in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tunjavur at that time.
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
NEATELY DESIGNED COINS
Durin`g the period of Jehangir, Mughal coins were made in good form. His gold and silver coins were heavier. Similarly copper coins were also neatly made. The coins bore designs of flowers, leaves,dots etc. Jjehangir again
Started the tradition of printing Kalma and name of Khalifa on the coins. In accordance with his orders , the signs of Zadiac including Leo, Taurus, Scorpio etc were engraved on the coins. On the Muhar, the figures of Jehangir and at the back sun and a graph are visible.
Started the tradition of printing Kalma and name of Khalifa on the coins. In accordance with his orders , the signs of Zadiac including Leo, Taurus, Scorpio etc were engraved on the coins. On the Muhar, the figures of Jehangir and at the back sun and a graph are visible.
ASRAFI
After the battle of plassey, the British rule was imposed in Bengal and Orrisa. But due to the past experience, instead of making coins in their names, they continued the Muhar an rupaya coins in the name of shah
Alam. The British started a mint in Kolakata. The muhar made in the mint was known as asrafi. In Hindi and Urdu literature after the period, the mane asrafi is mentioned many times. After Aurangazeb the Mughal empire started declining. Then the chieftains started ruling independently. Even then they were making coins in the name of Mughal emperors.
Alam. The British started a mint in Kolakata. The muhar made in the mint was known as asrafi. In Hindi and Urdu literature after the period, the mane asrafi is mentioned many times. After Aurangazeb the Mughal empire started declining. Then the chieftains started ruling independently. Even then they were making coins in the name of Mughal emperors.
PAISA, DAMADI, TANKA
The coins made by Sher Shah were called ‘dam’. Akbar also made similar coins of copper. These coins were known as ‘paisa’ or ‘falus’. Similarly ‘nisfi’ (half a Dam) ‘Damar’ (quarter ‘Dam’) and ‘damari’ (one eighth of ‘Dam’) were the coins in circulation at that time. The coins known as ‘paisa’ and ‘damari’ (‘damadi’) were in circulation for a long period. These names are also found in literature. Akbar had introduced copper coins known as ‘tanka’. On them words ‘Tanka Akbar Shahi Delhi,’ are found.
HISTORY OF COINS
Satvahana kings. These coins belonging to later half century of third century B.C. They belonged to the king by name Satvahan and were discovered in Hyderabad state. They bore the inspiration Siri Satwahan on them. They are in prakrut language. The prevailent opinions about Satwagab dyensty were changed after discovery of these coins. The king by name of Satwahan had founded the dynasty in the year 230 B.C. These ancient coins have a large share in establishing the fact. Through such coins the researchers have been helped in gaining the knowledge about history.
IMPORTANCE OF NEWSPAPER
Newspaper is an effective and important source of communication and information. It has become an important part of out life. Our day begins with Newspaper. Without newspaper we feel as if we are missing something. Newspapers give us news from the world of politics, sports, science and technology, commerce, industry, social, cultural etc. Moreover, It carries notices, advertisements, different types of features and many more things.
It is rightly said that the press is watchdog of democracy. Press is one of the most important and strong pillars of democracy. Politicians and authorities know very well the power of press and hence they fear to adopt wrong way. They keep aware about their responsibilities. A citizen can enjoy democracy in a real sense when there will be equality and social justice in society. Newspapers publish news of social injustice and bring it to the notice of public and concerned authorities. They take necessary action against them and in this way newspapers keep justice and balance in society.
News is a symbolic ward, combination of four letters. Its ‘N’ stands for North. ‘E’ stands for East ‘W’ stands for West and ‘S’ for South . Newspapers cover important news from the whole world and hence it is the best source of information. By nature man is the most corious animal to know about happenings around him and newspapers satisfy it. Unemployed read it for job-opportunity. Businessman read it to know market’s condition. Students and scholars read it to develop their knowledge. Doctors and engineers read it for new discoveries and invention. Others read it for entertainments. In Short, newspapers can be considered as mirrors and windows through which we can see the world.
The role of reporters and editors very important. They should honestly to their work so that misunderstanding among parties and communities will not take place. Newspaper in one of the powerful media in this modern age. It can build as well as destroy the career of a man. So, while expressing their views, reporters and editors should be impartial. In short, they should try to do only for the betterment of nation, society and entire humanity.
It is rightly said that the press is watchdog of democracy. Press is one of the most important and strong pillars of democracy. Politicians and authorities know very well the power of press and hence they fear to adopt wrong way. They keep aware about their responsibilities. A citizen can enjoy democracy in a real sense when there will be equality and social justice in society. Newspapers publish news of social injustice and bring it to the notice of public and concerned authorities. They take necessary action against them and in this way newspapers keep justice and balance in society.
News is a symbolic ward, combination of four letters. Its ‘N’ stands for North. ‘E’ stands for East ‘W’ stands for West and ‘S’ for South . Newspapers cover important news from the whole world and hence it is the best source of information. By nature man is the most corious animal to know about happenings around him and newspapers satisfy it. Unemployed read it for job-opportunity. Businessman read it to know market’s condition. Students and scholars read it to develop their knowledge. Doctors and engineers read it for new discoveries and invention. Others read it for entertainments. In Short, newspapers can be considered as mirrors and windows through which we can see the world.
The role of reporters and editors very important. They should honestly to their work so that misunderstanding among parties and communities will not take place. Newspaper in one of the powerful media in this modern age. It can build as well as destroy the career of a man. So, while expressing their views, reporters and editors should be impartial. In short, they should try to do only for the betterment of nation, society and entire humanity.
IMPORTANCE OF GAMES
Games and spots were considered as useless things by old people. They would say, ‘Padhoge Likhoge Banoge Nawab, Kheloge Koodoge Hoge Kharab’. But, modern research has proved that games and sports are equally important with study. Actually, games and sports play a vital role both in physical and mental progress of children.
Healthy mind is essential to get success in life. A healthy mind need a healthy body to live in. A man can become healthy both with mind and body by playing various games. Outdoor games like football, hockey, cricket etc. are best to keep physically fit. It provides a lot of exertion. As a result, our waste materials which become the cause for many diseases, Come out in the form of sweat and we feel fresher. It provides strength also. Without good health and strength, we cannot do anything. Thus, we can say that games and sports are key to the door of good health and success.
Games and sports refresh our mind. They remove the carbon of boredom from mind and make it able to work with new enthusiasm. Thus, a man feels fresh and happy after playing or
watching game.
A sportsman learns to live a disciplined life. A disciplined Person can only hope to achieve desired goal in life. A sportsman learns the value of teamwork, co-operation and mutual
understanding . With the help of all these values a man can live happy and peaceful life.
In short, games and sports are useful in life. It is very unfortunate that people give it less importance. It has been observed that in most of the school, periods for sports are engaged
for other works or teaching. Actually, we should realize its importance. We should insist our students to play certain games. A student, after playing certain game, can do well in
Study also. So, the importance of games and sports should be understood. Youngsters should be given ample chance for it.
Healthy mind is essential to get success in life. A healthy mind need a healthy body to live in. A man can become healthy both with mind and body by playing various games. Outdoor games like football, hockey, cricket etc. are best to keep physically fit. It provides a lot of exertion. As a result, our waste materials which become the cause for many diseases, Come out in the form of sweat and we feel fresher. It provides strength also. Without good health and strength, we cannot do anything. Thus, we can say that games and sports are key to the door of good health and success.
Games and sports refresh our mind. They remove the carbon of boredom from mind and make it able to work with new enthusiasm. Thus, a man feels fresh and happy after playing or
watching game.
A sportsman learns to live a disciplined life. A disciplined Person can only hope to achieve desired goal in life. A sportsman learns the value of teamwork, co-operation and mutual
understanding . With the help of all these values a man can live happy and peaceful life.
In short, games and sports are useful in life. It is very unfortunate that people give it less importance. It has been observed that in most of the school, periods for sports are engaged
for other works or teaching. Actually, we should realize its importance. We should insist our students to play certain games. A student, after playing certain game, can do well in
Study also. So, the importance of games and sports should be understood. Youngsters should be given ample chance for it.
THE INDIAN ELEPHANT
The Indian Elephant is found in India, Shrilanka, Myanmar, Thailand & Malasia & the island of Sumatra. Unlike African elephants, Indian elephants avoid heat and prefer shade and cool climate. Due to spread of human population, now a days elephants are termed as enemy of the crops but it must be remembered that it is human encroachment in their territory that has caused this problem. Every one of us is familiar with an elephant. The elephants love small branches with green leaves, bananas and sugarcane. The trunk of an elephant is a very remarkable organ. It is a prolongation of nose. It is nearly eight feet long. It’s tipis very sensitive & acts like a finger. By aid of the trunk water and food are carrid to the mouth. The same trunk can be used to lift a tree of pick a pin. Elephants use their trunk to spray water over their body. The ears of Indian elephants are smaller then African elephants. They are also shorter in height then their African counter part. The head of an Indian elephants is concave and the colour lighter than that of the African elephant.
BLACKWINGED STILT
SCIENTIFIC NAME : HIMANTOPUS HIMANTOPUS.
SIZE : 25cms
INFORMATION :
He is black white bird found in the shallow water. He can be recognized by his red colour and lanky legs. If they are spotted by riverside, tanks then it is indication that bird migration has begun. Bird watchers are alerted and they start observing other migratory birds. These long legged birds are seen in rivers, ponds, marshy places, salty pits and creeks.
By using long tapering beaks Blackwinged stilt picks up snails, bivalves, larva and water insects . These birds can be seen in smaller bigger groups and they migrate during night, These birds cannot seen each other while flying during night. Therefore each bird produces sound like a flute his position to other bird.
The places in big cities where drainage water is released are sure places of
Blackwinged Stilt. About 50 to 100 birds form a group. These places are preferred because they get enough food there. Mostly he walks in the shallow water but if necessary this bird can swim.
SIZE : 25cms
INFORMATION :
He is black white bird found in the shallow water. He can be recognized by his red colour and lanky legs. If they are spotted by riverside, tanks then it is indication that bird migration has begun. Bird watchers are alerted and they start observing other migratory birds. These long legged birds are seen in rivers, ponds, marshy places, salty pits and creeks.
By using long tapering beaks Blackwinged stilt picks up snails, bivalves, larva and water insects . These birds can be seen in smaller bigger groups and they migrate during night, These birds cannot seen each other while flying during night. Therefore each bird produces sound like a flute his position to other bird.
The places in big cities where drainage water is released are sure places of
Blackwinged Stilt. About 50 to 100 birds form a group. These places are preferred because they get enough food there. Mostly he walks in the shallow water but if necessary this bird can swim.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
CURRENCY
As the coins were made by hammering by hand, though they bore some stamp, they were of different sizes. They were not of same shape. But as coins came into circulation they were of great help to traders who roamed from village to village in those days. In each village they used to give coins and did transaction with businessman or his establishment to guarantee the purity and the weight of these coins, the sign of that businessman or establishment was stamped on each coin. Looking at the stamp, dealing took place in faith.
Among the ancient cions, a silver coin was known as ‘Shataman’. Ponimi has mention in his ‘Ashtya duyayi’ the coins known as Rupya, Karshapan and Kishk. In Jatak Kathas also mention of coins Nishk, Shatman, Krushnal, Suvarna and Karshapan is made. But twise ancient coins did not bear only mark and made of crude bars of metals. It is mentioned in the beginning that the coin Karshapan was made of copper. But during the later period, it is mentioned at many places that coins, made of silver were also called Karshapan.
The process of preparing coins is known as stamping . In this process the menta was heated and when it became soft, the necessary design or letters were stamped on them by applying pressure. Such coins belong to 400 B.C. period. The coins had designs of Badhivruksha, Swastik, lion, elephant etc on one or both sides. The coins were stamped on both sides simultaneously by holding the piece of metal between two stamps. Kumind, audumber, Youdhey city states etc had minted such beautiful found coins which have been discovered.
SHAKA YEAR COINS
The tradition of making coins started after human beings discovered metal. A man used to give metal balls in exchange for some articles that he needed. This practice was followed for a long period. With the changing times, the metal balls were coins made by melting. After that the coins bore symbols, images, royal symbol etc. The manes of the kings were engraved on them in different scripts. Then the Kshatraps in Saurashtra started a new tradition is the history on the coins, it seems. It was printing the Saka year on the coins. The issued by Mahakshatrap Jeevdaman are found in the museums.
Among the ancient cions, a silver coin was known as ‘Shataman’. Ponimi has mention in his ‘Ashtya duyayi’ the coins known as Rupya, Karshapan and Kishk. In Jatak Kathas also mention of coins Nishk, Shatman, Krushnal, Suvarna and Karshapan is made. But twise ancient coins did not bear only mark and made of crude bars of metals. It is mentioned in the beginning that the coin Karshapan was made of copper. But during the later period, it is mentioned at many places that coins, made of silver were also called Karshapan.
The process of preparing coins is known as stamping . In this process the menta was heated and when it became soft, the necessary design or letters were stamped on them by applying pressure. Such coins belong to 400 B.C. period. The coins had designs of Badhivruksha, Swastik, lion, elephant etc on one or both sides. The coins were stamped on both sides simultaneously by holding the piece of metal between two stamps. Kumind, audumber, Youdhey city states etc had minted such beautiful found coins which have been discovered.
SHAKA YEAR COINS
The tradition of making coins started after human beings discovered metal. A man used to give metal balls in exchange for some articles that he needed. This practice was followed for a long period. With the changing times, the metal balls were coins made by melting. After that the coins bore symbols, images, royal symbol etc. The manes of the kings were engraved on them in different scripts. Then the Kshatraps in Saurashtra started a new tradition is the history on the coins, it seems. It was printing the Saka year on the coins. The issued by Mahakshatrap Jeevdaman are found in the museums.
CURRENCY
Researchers discovered various coins belonging to different periods during excavation. Similarly many coins were found in private collection
Of persons. Some ancient coins bear the inscription in one of the scripts including Brahmi, Sanskrit, Prakut and Unani. The intelligent persons and researchers came to known about many Indian scripts through the alphabets on the coins. The alphabets of Unani and Kharostithi scripts can be prepared by the archeologists with the help of coins minted by foreigh kings. The researchers can also gain knowledge of Brahmi and Kharostithi scripts after studying the alphabets inseribed on these coins.
Of persons. Some ancient coins bear the inscription in one of the scripts including Brahmi, Sanskrit, Prakut and Unani. The intelligent persons and researchers came to known about many Indian scripts through the alphabets on the coins. The alphabets of Unani and Kharostithi scripts can be prepared by the archeologists with the help of coins minted by foreigh kings. The researchers can also gain knowledge of Brahmi and Kharostithi scripts after studying the alphabets inseribed on these coins.
MORAL STORY
Once a rich trader by name of . Jamnadas suffered huge loss in his business. He used to manufacture agricultural equipments. He decided that whatever implements are not sold if I sell them in the town, I will reduce my losses. Thinking this he went to the town with the unsold goods. He tried to sell the equipments in the market there. However, all the equipments were not sold. Then he kept the remaining equipments in the godown of his friend. He told his friend that he will return after a few days and try to sell them again. Till that time let them remain here, After requesting his friend thus he returned home. After a few days he went back, and asked his friend for the equipments, His friend replied that your equipments are eaten by rats. Jamnadas did not say anything. He said to his friend that he wanted to both in the river. Therefore, send your son to show me the way. The friend sent his son with Jamnadas. When they reached the river Jamnadas took him to a cave and put him inside. He put a big boulder at the entrance of the cave. After returning home he told his friend ’Your son has been blown away by the wind’. The friend did not believe it. He went to the King and lodged a complaint. The king called Jamnadas and asked ‘How the boy can be blown by wind?, You are telling lies’. Jamnadas replied ‘If rats can eat my iron equipments then why a boy cannot be blown away by the wind?’. Then Jamnadas told the king the entire story. The king ordered his friend toe return all equipments to Jamnadas.
MORAL: TIT FOR TAT
MORAL: TIT FOR TAT
BIRD (INDIAN MYNA)
Scientific Name: Acridotheres Tristis
Size : 22.5 cm
Information :
Over long period Myna became friendly to us like Crow, Sparrow. Myna can be recognized easily having yellow rings alongsides eyes. You must have seen myna walking behind plough and collecting small insects. She eats larvae from wheat, jowar and typical caterpillers from pomogranet plants. Thus Myna is helpful to farmers. She collects honey from banayan, coral, flame forest when they have flowers.
Sometimes her forest sister Jungle Myna can be seen alongwith her. As forests are being destroyed Mynas are found in cities near garbage dumps collecting left over food. Black Myna having brownish red skin around eyes can be spotted along rivers and canals. Black Myna is local type of migration. This Myna particularly found in North India.
Brahminy Myna type can be seen in cities, villages and in gardens. Such Myna is also called as bhangpadi because feathers on her head are just like combed hair.Rosy starling a type of Myna is found in Europe. Western and Central Asia and migrates to India during winter. Mainly she attacks on the crops of jowar.
Size : 22.5 cm
Information :
Over long period Myna became friendly to us like Crow, Sparrow. Myna can be recognized easily having yellow rings alongsides eyes. You must have seen myna walking behind plough and collecting small insects. She eats larvae from wheat, jowar and typical caterpillers from pomogranet plants. Thus Myna is helpful to farmers. She collects honey from banayan, coral, flame forest when they have flowers.
Sometimes her forest sister Jungle Myna can be seen alongwith her. As forests are being destroyed Mynas are found in cities near garbage dumps collecting left over food. Black Myna having brownish red skin around eyes can be spotted along rivers and canals. Black Myna is local type of migration. This Myna particularly found in North India.
Brahminy Myna type can be seen in cities, villages and in gardens. Such Myna is also called as bhangpadi because feathers on her head are just like combed hair.Rosy starling a type of Myna is found in Europe. Western and Central Asia and migrates to India during winter. Mainly she attacks on the crops of jowar.
BIRD (DEMOISELLE CRENE)
Scientific Name: Anthropoides virgo
Size : 76 cms while standing
Information :
By the beginning of winter season rows of Demoiselle Cranes appear in the sky and bird watchers start dancing with joy. Blackish coloured bird is generally called as Crane in rural areas. Small mud patches developed in the lakes or by riverside are the resting palces for Cranes during
Afternoon. Hunters are very happy at the sight of Cranse byt farmers start complaining ‘Dear God the evil have arrived’.
From South Europe, North Africa, North and Central Asia also from Mangolia Cranes migrate to India. Cranes destroy the crops of jawar, bajara, wheat, sesum during winter. Hunderds of black-brownish Cranes enter in the fields and within no time destroy the crops. The guards, farmers are helpless. Alongwith grains they also eat insects and snakes.
The neck of full grown Crane is black and thick. White feathers grow behind the eyes. Thin black feathers grow on the chest. Thin feathers and flock of feathers on the ears looks very attractive. As compared to general Crane Demoiselle crane is delicate.
Sarus Crane whose size is about 156 cms. Is popular in India. The pairs of Sarus Cranes are sighted through out the year is our country. Such pairs are seen in east Vidarbha, Nagpur, Bhandara, Gadchiroli and Chandrapur districts where rice fields are plenty.
Size : 76 cms while standing
Information :
By the beginning of winter season rows of Demoiselle Cranes appear in the sky and bird watchers start dancing with joy. Blackish coloured bird is generally called as Crane in rural areas. Small mud patches developed in the lakes or by riverside are the resting palces for Cranes during
Afternoon. Hunters are very happy at the sight of Cranse byt farmers start complaining ‘Dear God the evil have arrived’.
From South Europe, North Africa, North and Central Asia also from Mangolia Cranes migrate to India. Cranes destroy the crops of jawar, bajara, wheat, sesum during winter. Hunderds of black-brownish Cranes enter in the fields and within no time destroy the crops. The guards, farmers are helpless. Alongwith grains they also eat insects and snakes.
The neck of full grown Crane is black and thick. White feathers grow behind the eyes. Thin black feathers grow on the chest. Thin feathers and flock of feathers on the ears looks very attractive. As compared to general Crane Demoiselle crane is delicate.
Sarus Crane whose size is about 156 cms. Is popular in India. The pairs of Sarus Cranes are sighted through out the year is our country. Such pairs are seen in east Vidarbha, Nagpur, Bhandara, Gadchiroli and Chandrapur districts where rice fields are plenty.
ONE GREAT PERSON (Rabindranath Tagore)
RABINDRANATH TAGORE ( 1861 TO 1941)
Born
7 May 1861(1861-05-07)Calcutta, India
Died
7 August 1941 (aged 80)Calcutta, India
Occupation
poet, playwright, philosopher, composer, artist
Writing period
Bengal Renaissance
Notable award(s)
Nobel Prize in Literature(1913)
Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath. As a poet, novelist, musician, and playwright, he reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became Asia's first Nobel laureate by winning the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature.
A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poems at age eight. At age sixteen, he published his first substantial poetry under the pseudonym Bhanushingho ("Sun Lion") and wrote his first short stories and dramas in 1877. Tagore denounced the British Raj and supported the Indian Independence Movement. His efforts endure in his vast canon and in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
Tagore modernised Bengali art by rejecting the strictures of rigid classical Indian forms. His novels, short stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays ranged over political and personal topics alike. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are among his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed for their lyricism, colloquialism, meditative naturalism, and philosophical contemplation. Two Tagore songs are the national anthems of India and Bangladesh: Jana Gana Mana and Amar Shonar Bangla
The youngest of thirteen surviving children, Tagore was born in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta of parents Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905) and Sarada Devi (1830-1875) Tagore family patriarchs were the Brahmo founding fathers of the Adi Dharm faith. He was largely raised by servants, as his mother had died in his early childhood; his father travelled extensively. Tagore largely declined classroom schooling, preferring to roam the mansion or explore idyllic vistas: Bolpur, Panihati, and others. After his upanayan initiation at age eleven, Tagore left Calcutta on 14 February 1873 to tour India with his father for several months. They visited his father's Santiniketan estate and stopped in Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan hill station of Dalhousie. There, young "Rabi" read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the classical poetry of Kālidāsa.In 1877, he composed several major works, including a long poem set in the Maithili style pioneered by Vidyapati. As a joke, he maintained that these were the lost works of Bhānusiṃha, a newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet. He also wrote "Bhikharini" (1877; "The Beggar Woman"—the Bengali language's first short story) and Sandhya Sangit (1882) —including the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").
A prospective barrister, Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton, East Sussex, England in 1878. He read law at University College London, but left school to explore Shakespeare and more: Religio Medici, Coriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra; he returned degree-less to Bengal in 1880. On 9 December 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi (born Bhabatarini, 1873–1900); they had five children, two of whom died before reaching adulthood. In 1890, Tagore began managing his family's vast estates in Shilaidaha, a region now in Bangladesh; he was joined by his wife and children in 1898. As "Zamindar Babu", Tagore crisscrossed the holdings while living out of the family's luxurious barge, the Padma, to collect (mostly token) rents and bless villagers, who held feasts in his honour. These years—1891–1895: Tagore's Sadhana period, named for one of Tagore’s magazines—were among his most fecund. During this period, more than half the stories of the three-volume and eighty-four-story Galpaguchchha were written. With irony and emotional weight, they depicted a wide range of Bengali lifestyles, particularly village life.
In 1901, Tagore left Shilaidaha and moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram, which would grow to include a marble-floored prayer hall ("The Mandir"), an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, and a library. There, Tagore's wife and two of his children died. His father died on 19 January 1905, and he began receiving monthly payments as part of his inheritance. He received additional income from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and mediocre royalties (Rs. 2,000) from his works. By now, his work was gaining him a large following among Bengali and foreign readers alike, and he published such works as Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) while translating his poems into free verse. On 14 November 1913, Tagore learned that he had won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy appreciated the idealistic and—for Western readers—accessible nature of a small body of his translated material, including the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings. In 1915, Tagore was knighted by the British Crown.
In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction (which Tagore later renamed Shriniketan—"Abode of Wealth") in Surul, a village near the ashram at Santiniketan. Through it, Tagore sought to provide an alternative to Gandhi's symbol- and protest-based Swaraj movement, which he denounced. He recruited scholars, donors, and officials from many countries to help the Institute use schooling to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s, he criticised India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, wrote poems and dramas with untouchable protagonists, and campaigned successfully to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.
To the end, Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy. He upbraided Gandhi for declaring that a massive 15 January 1934 earthquake in Bihar—leaving thousands dead—was divine retribution brought on by the oppression of Dalits. He mourned the endemic poverty of Calcutta and the accelerating socioeconomic decline of Bengal, which he detailed in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision would foreshadow Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes of Tagore writings appeared, among them the prose-poems works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued: he developed prose-songs and dance-dramas, including Chitrangada (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938), and wrote the novels Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934). Tagore took an interest in science in his last years, writing Visva-Parichay (a collection of essays) in 1937. His exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy impacted his poetry, which often contained extensive naturalism that underscored his respect for scientific laws. He also wove the process of science, including narratives of scientists, into many stories contained in such volumes as Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941).
Tagore's last four years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for an extended period. This was followed three years later in late 1940 by a similar spell, from which he never recovered. The poetry Tagore wrote in these years is among his finest, and is distinctive for its preoccupation with death. After extended suffering, Tagore died on 7 August 1941 (22 Shravan 1348) in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he was raised; his death anniversary is mourned across the Bengali-speaking world.
Born
7 May 1861(1861-05-07)Calcutta, India
Died
7 August 1941 (aged 80)Calcutta, India
Occupation
poet, playwright, philosopher, composer, artist
Writing period
Bengal Renaissance
Notable award(s)
Nobel Prize in Literature(1913)
Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath. As a poet, novelist, musician, and playwright, he reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became Asia's first Nobel laureate by winning the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature.
A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poems at age eight. At age sixteen, he published his first substantial poetry under the pseudonym Bhanushingho ("Sun Lion") and wrote his first short stories and dramas in 1877. Tagore denounced the British Raj and supported the Indian Independence Movement. His efforts endure in his vast canon and in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
Tagore modernised Bengali art by rejecting the strictures of rigid classical Indian forms. His novels, short stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays ranged over political and personal topics alike. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are among his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed for their lyricism, colloquialism, meditative naturalism, and philosophical contemplation. Two Tagore songs are the national anthems of India and Bangladesh: Jana Gana Mana and Amar Shonar Bangla
The youngest of thirteen surviving children, Tagore was born in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta of parents Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905) and Sarada Devi (1830-1875) Tagore family patriarchs were the Brahmo founding fathers of the Adi Dharm faith. He was largely raised by servants, as his mother had died in his early childhood; his father travelled extensively. Tagore largely declined classroom schooling, preferring to roam the mansion or explore idyllic vistas: Bolpur, Panihati, and others. After his upanayan initiation at age eleven, Tagore left Calcutta on 14 February 1873 to tour India with his father for several months. They visited his father's Santiniketan estate and stopped in Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan hill station of Dalhousie. There, young "Rabi" read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the classical poetry of Kālidāsa.In 1877, he composed several major works, including a long poem set in the Maithili style pioneered by Vidyapati. As a joke, he maintained that these were the lost works of Bhānusiṃha, a newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet. He also wrote "Bhikharini" (1877; "The Beggar Woman"—the Bengali language's first short story) and Sandhya Sangit (1882) —including the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").
A prospective barrister, Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton, East Sussex, England in 1878. He read law at University College London, but left school to explore Shakespeare and more: Religio Medici, Coriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra; he returned degree-less to Bengal in 1880. On 9 December 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi (born Bhabatarini, 1873–1900); they had five children, two of whom died before reaching adulthood. In 1890, Tagore began managing his family's vast estates in Shilaidaha, a region now in Bangladesh; he was joined by his wife and children in 1898. As "Zamindar Babu", Tagore crisscrossed the holdings while living out of the family's luxurious barge, the Padma, to collect (mostly token) rents and bless villagers, who held feasts in his honour. These years—1891–1895: Tagore's Sadhana period, named for one of Tagore’s magazines—were among his most fecund. During this period, more than half the stories of the three-volume and eighty-four-story Galpaguchchha were written. With irony and emotional weight, they depicted a wide range of Bengali lifestyles, particularly village life.
In 1901, Tagore left Shilaidaha and moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram, which would grow to include a marble-floored prayer hall ("The Mandir"), an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, and a library. There, Tagore's wife and two of his children died. His father died on 19 January 1905, and he began receiving monthly payments as part of his inheritance. He received additional income from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and mediocre royalties (Rs. 2,000) from his works. By now, his work was gaining him a large following among Bengali and foreign readers alike, and he published such works as Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) while translating his poems into free verse. On 14 November 1913, Tagore learned that he had won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy appreciated the idealistic and—for Western readers—accessible nature of a small body of his translated material, including the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings. In 1915, Tagore was knighted by the British Crown.
In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction (which Tagore later renamed Shriniketan—"Abode of Wealth") in Surul, a village near the ashram at Santiniketan. Through it, Tagore sought to provide an alternative to Gandhi's symbol- and protest-based Swaraj movement, which he denounced. He recruited scholars, donors, and officials from many countries to help the Institute use schooling to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s, he criticised India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, wrote poems and dramas with untouchable protagonists, and campaigned successfully to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.
To the end, Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy. He upbraided Gandhi for declaring that a massive 15 January 1934 earthquake in Bihar—leaving thousands dead—was divine retribution brought on by the oppression of Dalits. He mourned the endemic poverty of Calcutta and the accelerating socioeconomic decline of Bengal, which he detailed in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision would foreshadow Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes of Tagore writings appeared, among them the prose-poems works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued: he developed prose-songs and dance-dramas, including Chitrangada (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938), and wrote the novels Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934). Tagore took an interest in science in his last years, writing Visva-Parichay (a collection of essays) in 1937. His exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy impacted his poetry, which often contained extensive naturalism that underscored his respect for scientific laws. He also wove the process of science, including narratives of scientists, into many stories contained in such volumes as Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941).
Tagore's last four years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for an extended period. This was followed three years later in late 1940 by a similar spell, from which he never recovered. The poetry Tagore wrote in these years is among his finest, and is distinctive for its preoccupation with death. After extended suffering, Tagore died on 7 August 1941 (22 Shravan 1348) in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he was raised; his death anniversary is mourned across the Bengali-speaking world.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
MORAL STORY JUNCTION
There was a pup and a young one of a fox in the jungle. Once they met and they became fast friends after that. Both of them were mischivious. They used to make fun of other animals in the jungle. But as they were young nobody took them seriously. One day they saw a strange animal coming. The animals was a foal of the horse which has entered the jungle by mistake. Seeing him both of them thought of playing a joke on him. They went to the foal which was standing for away and started asking him confusing questions. Then they repeatedly started asking him his name. The foal was angry with them for asking so many questions. He said “My name is written on the bottom of my hind legs. If you want you can read it”. Both of them went and started reading. At that moment the foal kicked them hard. The kick was so hard that both of them started crying and decided to not make fun of anybody in the future.
MORAL: A Small joke can prove very costly
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